Getting Menus Under Control

When designing website menus, it's important to consider quantity and location. How many navigation points should you show the reader? How few? Where will the menu be located, and does it warrant using a hamburger? And what's a hamburger? As you define and design the menu's broad strokes, its structure and hierarchy, you'll also need to mind the details that shape your menu's overall look and feel.

Menu Conventions

Many navigation conventions used during the Internet's infancy are still in use today. Then, as now, menus can be located at the top of a site or on the side, or on the top and the side. There are primary and secondary menus. And there's the "everything and the kitchen sink" approach to show users as much as possible.

A conventional top menu, set in the Trebuchet® typeface.

Moving that same menu content to the side requires a different layout altogether.

Everything and the kitchen sink.

And when even more menu choices get added, what should users see first? The menu over an image? Menu on the top? Typographic styling helps create hierarchy, and also creates a unique tone of voice. One convention that has climbed to popularity in a very short period of time is the hamburger-icon menu: the three short lines stacked on top of each other. Click it to reveal a menu, click it again to conceal it. For many designers, the hamburger is especially useful during our "mobile-first" day and age, when you have to cram a lot into a very small screen.

A hamburger-icon prompts a user to click to expand menu choices. When limited screen space is available or if you want to put more imagery and text within the layout, the hamburger-icon can be a saving grace. But hiding content in this way can limit or prohibit users from navigating your site. Does the hamburger help with navigation or hurt it? Although user experience designers continue to debate the hamburger's usefulness—or uselessness—it can be found on a wealth of websites, as well as the web browsers themselves, such as Google Chrome® and Mozilla Firefox®. Whether you love it or hate it, the hamburger is here to stay—at least for now.

While in the site's Shopping section, a secondary navigation appears within the site's image and text content. This puts the choices within their primary navigation space, closer to where their eyes are scanning and reading, for quicker access.

On mobile devices, where content is frequently viewed in a portrait format, a hamburger-icon menu makes navigation a secondary item that when clicked, can obscure the primary content underneath it. In this case, Shopping is styled white to show users what part of the site they're in.

Use Factors

Whichever menu convention—or conventions—you employ will depend on a lot of factors, including but not limited to:

Who – user profile(s) – Do users have an experienced, average, or below-average understanding of the site, content, and/or web navigation itself?What – the content – How deep is your website, and how many choices will you need to give users?Where and How – device(s) used – Where will users access the content most frequently, and will it be in stasis or while traveling, while traveling? And via mobile or desktop, or both?Why – use cases – How can role playing and user feedback teach you about what the user wants to get out of the site? Why do they go there, and why do they come back?

Use exploration can define those issues and influences, with the design team conducting role-playing exercises to help identify menu design opportunities. Having subjects conduct use testing with the site's preliminary design—whether a paper mock-up, digital mock-up, website wireframe, or beta version of the site—will also prove valuable. And when the site is ultimately released, be sure to test adequately and regularly, iterating and revising the site as needed based on feedback you receive from users or from website analytics such as cursor tracking.

A mobile-friendly site that is shallow in nature, with very little content overall, may only require a top menu.

By making the menu typography slightly smaller, and using a condensed typeface such as Neue Helvetica Condensed®, more items will fit into the navigation space.

How much and how little information users immediately see, and then dig deeper to access, will define the site's look and feel. Have too many selections in too many places? You'll appear complicated, making your user feel overwhelmed. Too few choices? The user may not know where to go, and feel lost. And even though version 1.0 of your site may have given users a positive experience, over time, you may receive feedback that warrants minor redesigns, or even major ones.

Tone of Voice: Quiet, Loud, or Indiscernible

Typographic size, contrast, color, weight, and style will factor into a menu's look and feel, sometimes referred to as tone of voice in written and spoken language. If the type is too small, the menu becomes quiet and unnoticeable, even difficult to locate. Too big? You wind up yelling at the reader, making them feel like you don't trust them to find what they want to or need to. To learn more about type size and style, you can read how it impacts readability and legibility in a prior post.

Type size, especially on small mobile screens, can either make or break your site's navigation. In this case, Neue Helvetica Condensed typeface is set too small.

There are cases when less menu choices could allow you to scale the menu typography larger, perhaps for drama, or even improved readability. But setting it too large makes it appear as if it's yelling.

Using the same type size but as white, reduces the dramatic effect, and it's still just as readable.

One overlooked area in menu design is contrast. If the menu has low contrast with type that's too close in value to the background, you might get on people's nerves because it's too difficult to read.

The gray type is too close to the background gray. And the white is also too similar, making it difficult to read.

Another area where contrast between typography and background comes into play is with a menu item's rollover state. Typographic styling can help identify when a menu choice has been rolled over. This styling should help users recognize that their input has been received.

Give users assurances on menus for when they interact with items, such as underlines, overlaps, or knock-outs, so they realize that their input has been received.

When styling the menu typography, and the way it appears when it's rolled over, consider:

Usability across users and media, be it a large-screen or small-screenMeeting brand identity standards that relate to your communication goals and intended purposeSite use and navigation trends, even changes in technology such as how a website is built or what screens people use to access the site, coupled with user feedback

Be conscious of your brand identity standards, and use typefaces that align with or enhance that identity, but also be sure to monitor the site's use, so you deliver a positive user experience. The quantity and location of menu choices, as well as the typographic tone of voice, should speak to your users appropriately, and allow them to get what they want and to go where they want. Last but not least, include a search input field so users can quickly and easily enter their query, in case they want to or need to bypass the menu altogether.